Experimental intoxication of Brahman (Bos indicus) heifers with Enterolobium cyclocarpum fruits.

Enterolobium cyclocarpum is a poisonous plant distributed throughout the Americas. The E. cyclocarpum fruits have high toxic potential for cattle in Colombia and the clinical signs and pathological lesions are ill-defined. To begin address this issue, twelve Brahman heifers were administered E. cyclocarpum fruits and the evolution of clinical signs were recorded. Blood was collected to establish biochemical and hematological parameters. Animals were euthanized between 4 and 15 days after the initial dose was given, and tissue samples were routinely processed and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin. The severity of clinical signs and tissue lesions were correlated with the dose of E. cyclocarpum fruits. Clinical signs included fever, tachypnea, sialorrhea, jaundice, tympanism, and diarrhea. Skin lesions were consistent with photosensitization. Hematological and biochemical tests showed increased hematocrit, neutropenia, increased serum fibrinogen, elevated hepatic enzymes and azotemia. Histology revealed panlobular cytoplasmic vacuolization and extensive foci of necrosis in the liver. The skin, fore-stomach, abomasum and intestine revealed microcirculatory, inflammatory and ulcerative changes. Protein casts and tubular epithelium vacuolization were found in kidney. Depending on the toxicosis intensity, it is concluded that E. cyclocarpum fruits may cause two clinical and pathological forms of poisoning in Brahman heifers. First, a severe intoxication at repeated exposition with high (20 g/kg/d) or low (10 g/kg/d) dose that affected the digestive and tegumentary systems and the kidney. Second, a mild to moderate form with a single low dose (10 g/kg/d) that affected in lower grades the same systems/organs.

Concentración foliar de macro- y micro-nutrimentos en cuatro leguminosas maderables del trópico estacionalmente seco de Costa Rica / Foliar concentration of macro- and micronutrients in four woody legumes from a tropical dry-seasonal forest in Costa Rica

Resumen La productividad de las plantaciones forestales con especies nativas se puede incrementar si se conocen bien los requerimientos nutricionales de cada una de las especies. Estos requerimientos pueden variar de acuerdo a las estrategias ecológicas de las especies y a las adaptaciones que tienen, como por ejemplo la capacidad de fijar nitrógeno. En el presente trabajo se presentan los "rangos satisfactorios" de concentración foliar de macronutrimentos y micronutrimentos para cuatro leguminosas del trópico estacionalmente seco de Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Se analizó la concentración foliar de N, P, Ca, Mg, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn y B, Na en las especies Dalbergia retusa (cocobolo), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (guanacaste), Hymenaea courbaril (guapinol) y Schizolobium parahyba (gallinazo). La concentración de nutrimentos varió con las especies y según la capacidad de fijar nitrógeno o no y dentro de cada una de esas categorías de acuerdo a la tasa de crecimiento. La concentración total de nutrimentos fue mayor para las especies fijadoras de N que para las no fijadoras y dentro de cada uno de esos grupos la concentración total de nutrimentos fue mayor para las especies de crecimiento rápido comparado con aquellas de crecimiento más lento. De acuerdo a la cantidad de nutrimentos observados en las hojas, se recomienda que H. courbaril y D. retusa deberían ser sembradas en suelos relativamente pobres de nutrimentos, mientras que E. cyclocarpum y S. parahyba en suelos más fértiles. Para D. retusa e H. courbaril se presenta información nueva sobre concentraciones y se mejora la misma para algunos elementos no mencionados en la literatura para E. cyclocarpum y S. parahyba.

Abstract The information about nutritional aspects of trees in the tropical dry forest is scarce. This investigation aims to establish a normal range of foliar nutrient concentration to four forestry species as related to their growth rates and biological nitrogen fixation capacity in the seasonally dry ecosystem at Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Foliar samples for four species: Dalbergia retusa (cocobolo), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (guanacaste), Hymenaea courbaril (guapinol or jatobá) and Schizolobium parahyba (gallinazo or pachaco), all belonging to the Fabaceae family, were analyzed for N, P, Ca, Mg, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Na. Nutrient concentration varied with species according to their ability to fix nitrogen and their rate of growth. The overall concentration of macronutrients was higher in nitrogen-fixing species compared with non-fixing species, and within each one of those groups, the species with higher growth rate presented more macronutrients than species with low growth rate. According to the concentration of foliar nutrients accumulated in the foliage, we recommend that H. courbaril and D. retusacould be grown in the region soils with medium fertility and E. cyclocarpum and S. parahyba in the more fertile soils. Values ranges of foliar concentrations considered as satisfactory presented in this work are new for D. retusa and H. courbaril and improve the scarce information available for E. cyclocarpum and S. parahyba. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 969-983. Epub 2018 September 01.

Enterolacaciamine as a potential O-GlcNAcase activator from the leaves of Enterolobium cyclocarpum.

Enterolacaciamine (1), a new potential O-GlcNAcase activator, along with three known triterpenoid saponins, concinnoside B (2), concinnoside D (3), and julibroside A3 (4) was isolated from the leaves of Enterolobium cyclocarpum. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods (UV, MS, 1D and 2D NMR). Their effects on O-GlcNAcase activity were evaluated using O-GlcNAcase enzymatic assay. The results showed that compound 1 could obviously enhance the activity of O-GlcNAcase.

Antiproliferative mechanism of the methanolic extract of Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. (Fabaceae).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. is a tropical tree that has folkloric implications against many ailments and diseases including cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To explore the ethnopharmacological claims against cancer, the cytotoxicity of the methanolic extract of the leaves, was investigated using the brine shrimp lethality assay, MTT assay using cervical (HeLa) and breast (MCF7) cancer cell lines, cell cycle analysis and Annexin V-FITC/PI assay. RESULTS: In the brine shrimp lethality assay, the extract showed cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 31.63 µg/mL. Significant growth inhibition was observed in both cell lines with IC50 values of 2.07 ± 1.30 µg/mL and 11.84 ± 1.18 µg/mL for HeLa and MCF7, respectively. Cell cycle analysis indicated that HeLa cells were arrested in the G2/M phase while MCF7 cells arrested in the G1/G0 phase. The Annexin V-FITC/PI assay revealed phosphatidylserine translocation in both cell lines and thus apoptosis induction upon treatment with the extract. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the potential antiproliferative activity of Enterolobium cyclocarpum thereby supporting the traditional claim and provides basis for further mechanistic studies and isolation of active constituents.

Funcionalidad de una mezcla de gomas de acasia glomerosa, Enterolobium cyclocarpum e Hymenaea courbaril en la preparación de helados de bajo contenido calórico / Functionality of a mixture of gums from acacia glomerosa, Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Hymenea courbaril in the low fat ice-cream preparation

Acacia glomerosa, Anterolobium cyclocarpum e Hymenaea courbaril, especies arbóreas ampliamente disemindas en Venezuela producen gomas con buen rendimiento. La mezcla de estas gomas se ensayó, como estabilizante en la preparación de helados de bajo contenido calórico. La viscosidad, el porcentaje de derretido y las propiedades sensoriales fueron determinados. Estas características físico-químicas se compararon con las exhibidas por los productos obtenidos con base en mezcla de gomas comerciales. La mezcla de gomas de las especies estudiadas incrementó la viscocidad del sistema, por lo tanto, favoreció una excelente incorporación y una distribución uniforme del aire; aportó textura y estabilidad durante el almacenamiento; mejoró la capacidad de expansión de la espuma y las propiedades de derretido. Por otra parte, aportó buenas características sensoriales, como la indica el alto puntaje alcanzado; apariencia (7.78), cremosidad (7.62), sabor (8.01) y bajo puntaje en presencia de cristales de hielo (3.06). Este trabajo evidenció la funcionalidad como estabilizante de la mezcla de gomas investigadas en la preparación de helados bajo en calorías.

Acacia glomerosa, Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Hymenaea courbaril, species widely disseminated in Venezuela, South America, produce gum with good yield. The mixture of these gums was tested as stabilizer in the low fat ice cream preparation. Viscosity, overrun, foam expansion, meltdown, shape factor and sensory properties were determined. These quality characteristics were compared with those exhibited by the product obtained with a mixture of commercial gums. The mixture tested provided the suitable viscosity for the ice cream mix with the corresponding overrun and texture. It gave better foaming properties and air incorporation. On the other hand, it was demonstrated the good sensory attributes by the highest score i.e. appearance (7.78), creaminess (7.62), flavor (8.01) and lowest score of iciness (3.06). This work showed good functionality as stabilizer of the mixture of gums investigated in the low fat ice cream preparation.